Climbing Up or Down? An Overview of the Ten Years of Citizen Participation in Malaysian Public Sector Project
Keywords:
citizen participation, malaysia, ladder of participation, public-sector projectsAbstract
The Government of Malaysia has been promoting citizen participation since the enactment of the country’s Town and Planning Act 1976 (Act 172). The Shared Prosperity Vision 2030, which can be interpreted as the commitment of the Malaysian Government to accelerate the country’s sustainable growth, reaffirmed the Government’s intention to enhance citizen participation in Malaysia’s public affairs. But do average citizens really have the chance to engage in public-sector projects? This work intends to discover the extent to which the Malaysian public had the opportunity to participate in public sector projects. Based on Arnstein’s ladder of participation, the present work analyzes citizen participation in Malaysia for ten years. The findings signify that the general people’s opportunity to engage in Malaysia’s public-sector projects has eventually increased within the last ten years. Nevertheless, the levels of participation were still considerably low, suggesting tokenism as the highest level of participation that the Malaysian public can negotiate. Finally, the work highlights the importance of the Malaysian government to overcome the barriers to enable higher level of citizen participation in the country.
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References
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Slocum, R. & Thomas-Slayter, B. (1995). Participation, empowerment, and sustainable development, in: Rachel, S.; Lori, W.; Dianne, R.; Barbara, T. S. (Eds.). Power, Process and Participation: Tools for Change (pp. 3-8). London: Intermediate Technology Pub-lications
Lukensmeyer, C., J.; Goldman, J. & Stern, D. (2011). Assessing public participation in an open government era: a review of federal agency plans. Fostering Transparency and Democracy Series. IBM Centre for the Business of Government.
Chadwick, G. (1971). Systems View of Planning: Towards a Theory of the Urban and Regional Planning Process. New York: Per-gamon Press.
Marzuki, A. (2015). Challenges In the Public Participation and The Decision-Making Process. Sociologija i Prostor, 53(1), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.5673/sip.53.1.2
Cavrić, B. (2011). Evolution of Botswana planning education in light of local and international requirements. Spatium, 25: 30-38.
Lukić, I. (2011). Influence Of Planning and Civil Initiative, As A Form of Public Intervention, on Gentrification. Spatium, 25: 56-66.
Lichfield, N. (1996). Community Impact Evaluation. London: UCL Press.
Ansell, C., & Gash, A. (2008). Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(4), 543–571. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mum032
Gustafson, P., & Hertting, N. (2017). Understanding Participatory Governance: An Analysis of Participants’ Motives for Participa-tion. American Review of Public Administration, 47(5), 538–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074015626298
Brabham, D. C. (2009). Crowdsourcing the public participation process for planning projects. Planning Theory, 8(3), 242-262.
Brown, G. (2015). Engaging The Wisdom of Crowds and Public Judgement for Land Use Planning Using Public Participation Geographic Information Systems. Australian Planner, 52(3), 199-209.
Zolkafli, A., Brown, G., & Liu, Y. (2017). An Evaluation of Participatory Gis (PGIS) for Land Use Planning in Malaysia. Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 83(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1681-4835.2017.tb00610.x
Kleinhans, R., Van Ham, M., & Evans-Cowley, J. (2015). Using social media and Mobile Technologies to Foster Engagement and SelfOrganization In Participatory Urban Planning And Neighbourhood Governance. Planning practice & research, 30(3), 237-247.
Egan (2004). The Egan Review Skills for Sustainable Community. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, Eland House, Bressenden Place, London, 19-26.
World Bank. (1994). The World Bank and Participation. Washington, DC: Operations Policy Department.
World Bank. (2001). Poverty Reduction Source Book, Vol. 1, World Bank.
Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172), Malaysia. http://www.doa.gov.my/index/resources/info_doa/akta172_perancang_bandar_desa_1976.pdf
Maidin, A.J. (2011). Access to Public Participation in the Land Planning and Environmental Decision-Making Process in Malaysia. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1, 3, 148-164.
Nasir, M.I., Anuar, M. & Saruwono, M. (2013). Obstacles of Public Participation in the Design Process of Public Parks. Journal of Asian Behavioural Studies, 3, 8, 89-99.
MEA (2019). Shared Prosperity Vision 2030. Ministry of Economic Affairs, Putrajaya, Malaysia, 7-179. https://www.epu.gov.my/sites/default/files/2020-02/Shared%20Prosperity%20Vision%202030.pdf
Arnstein, S. R. (2019). A Ladder of Citizen Participation. Journal of the American Planning Association, 85(1), 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2018.1559388
EPU (2010). Tenth Malaysia Plan 2011-2015. The Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister Department Putrajaya, Malaysia, 146-186. https://www.pmo.gov.my/dokumenattached/RMK/RMK10_E.pdf
EPU (2016). Eleven Malaysia Plan 2016-2020. The Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister Department Putrajaya, Malaysia, 1-11. https://www.epu.gov.my/sites/default/files/2021-05/11MP-BrochureBI.pdf
EPU (2021). Sustainable Development Goals. The Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister Department Putrajaya, 1-7. https://www.epu.gov.my/en/sustainable-development-goals
MEA (2018). Executive Summary Mid Term Review of The Eleventh Malaysian Plan 2016-2020. Ministry of Economic Affairs, Putrajaya, Malaysia, 1-48. https://www.epu.gov.my/sites/default/files/2020-08/Executive%20Summary_compressed.pdf
Healey, P. (1998). Building Institutional Capacity Through Collaborative Approaches to Urban Planning. Environment and planning A, 30(9), 1531-1546. Nagel, J. (1987). Participation. Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
Salamat, M., Hassan, S., & Muhammad, M. (2011). Electronic Participation in Malaysia. Journal of E-Government Studies and Best Practices, January, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5171/2011.270543
Tambouris E., Liotas, N., Kaliviotis, D., Tarabanis K., A (2007). Framework for Scoping eParticipation. In the Proceedings of the 8th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference. Philadelphia, USA.
I. Apostol, P. Antoniadis, and T. Banerjee. (2013). Flânerie between Net and Place Promises and Possibilities for Participation in Planning. J. Plan. Educ. Res., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 20–33,
Kenny, A., Hyett, N., Sawtell, J., Dickson-Swift, V., Farmer, J., & O’Meara, P. (2013). Community participation in rural health: a scoping review. BMC health services research, 13(1), 1-8.
Kieti, D. M., Manono, G., & Momanyi, S. (2013). Community conservation paradigm: the case studies of Mwaluganje Elephant Sanctuary and lLNgwesi Community Conservancy in Kenya.
B. Lam (2013). Community‐Led Design Through Digital Games. Des. Manag. Rev., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 20–27, 2013.
C. Wahl. (2013). Swedish Municipalities and Public Participation in The Traffic Planning Process. Where Do We Stand? Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract., vol. 50, pp. 105–112.
Daly, Jeanne; Kellehear, Allan; Gliksman, Michael (1997). The public health researcher: A methodological approach. Melbourne, Aus-tralia: Oxford University Press. pp. 611–618. ISBN 978-0195540758.
Braun, Virginia; Clarke, Victoria (2006). "Using thematic analysis in psychology". Qualitative Research in Psychology. 3 (2): 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa. S2CID 10075179
Boyatzis, Richard (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Franzosi, R., & Roberto, F. (2004). From words to numbers: Narrative, data, and social science (Vol. 22). Cambridge University Press.
Krippendorff, K. (2004). Reliability in content analysis: Some common misconceptions and recommendations. Human communication research, 30(3), 411-433.
Omar, D.B. & Leh, O.L.H. (2009). Malaysian Development Planning System: Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan and Public Participation. Asian Social Science, 5, 3, 30-36.
Maidin, A.J. (2011). Access to Public Participation in the Land Planning and Environmental Decision-Making Process in Malaysia. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1, 3, 148-164.
Marzuki, A., Hay, I., & James, J. (2012). Public Participation Shortcomings in Tourism Planning: The Case of the Langkawi Islands, Malaysia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(4), 585–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.638384
Muhammad, Z., Masron, T. & Majid, A.A. (2015). Local Government Service Efficiency: Public Participation Matters. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 5, 10, 827- 831.
Chin CBN. (2000). The State of The ‘State’ In Globalisation: Social Order And Economic Restructuring In Malaysia. Third World Q. 21(6):1035–1057
Watson V. (2013). Planning and The ‘Stubborn Realities’ of Global SouthEast Cities: Some Emerging Ideas. Planning Theory. 12 (1):81–100.
Marzukhi, M. A. (2020). Sustainability Discourse in Participatory Planning: The Case of Malaysia. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 12(2), 236–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2020.1719497
Siddiquee NA, Mohamed MZ. (2007). Paradox Of Public Sector Reforms In Malaysia: a good governance perspective. Public Admin Q. 31(3/4):284–312
Manaf, H. A., Mohamed, A. M., & Lawton, A. (2016). Assessing Public Participation Initiatives in Local Government Deci-sion-Making in Malaysia. International Journal of Public Administration, 39(11), 812–820. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2015.1035788
Ebdon, C., & Franklin, A. L. (2006). Citizen Participation in Budgeting Theory. Public administration review, 66(3), 437-447.
Irvin, R. A., & Stansbury, J. (2004). Citizen Participation in Decision Making: Is It Worth The Effort? Public administration re-view, 64(1), 55-65.
Robbins, M. D., Simonsen, B., & Feldman, B. (2008). Citizens and Resource Allocation: Improving Decision Making with Interactive WebBased Citizen Participation. Public administration review, 68(3), 564-575.
Moynihan, D. P. (2003). Normative and Instrumental Perspectives on Public Participation: Citizen Summits in Washington, DC. The American Review of Public Administration, 33(2), 164-188.
Gunder M. (2010). Planning As the Ideology of (neoliberal) Space. Planning Theor. 9(4):298–314.
Gunder M. (2006). Sustainability Planning’s Saving Grace or Road to Perdition? J Plann Edu Res. 26(2):208–221.
Raco M. (2016). Mass Privatisation and The Changing Nature of Governance In The UK. In: Bevir M, Rhodes RAW, Editors. Re-thinking Governance: Ruling, Rationalities and Resistance. London (New York): Routledge; p. 50–69.
Zain, F. M. Y., & Omar, D. (2018). Survey on Public Participation of Malaysia’s MRT Project with Reference To Environmental Impact Assessment. Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (JAMT), 12(1 (1)), 175-188.
Roosli, R. (2014). The Evaluation of Participatory Housing and Technology After the Tsunami (2005) in Malaysia. In 5th Brunei International Conference on Engineering and Technology (BICET 2014) (pp. 1-7). IET.
Kaur, H., Singh, L., & Rahman, S. (2017). Evaluating Public Participation Mechanisms in LA21 Programs in Malaysia. Global Journal of Business and Social Science Review (GJBSSR), 5(3), 76-83. www.gatrenterprise.com/GATRJournals/index.html
Nurudin, S. M., Hashim, R., Rahman, S., Zulkifli, N., Mohamed, A. S. P., & Hamik, S. A. (2015). Public Participation Process at Local Government Administration: A Case Study of the Seremban Municipal Council, Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sci-ences, 211, 505–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.067
Connolly, C. (2020). From Resilience to Multi-Species Flourishing: (Re)Imagining Urban-Environmental Governance in Penang, Malaysia. Urban Studies, 57(7), 1485–1501. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018807573
Abdullah, J., Ahmad, C. B., Sa’ad, S. R. M., & Wahab, S. S. (2015). Public Participation in the Kuala Lumpur Draft City Plan 2020. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 168, 70–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.211
Hartley, N. & Wood, C. (2005). Public Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment: Implementing the Aarhus Convention. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 25: 319-340.
Oliver, S. (2008). Public and Consumer Participation in Policy and Research, in: Heggerson, K. & Quah, S. (Eds.). International Encyclopaedia of Public Health (pp. 408-415). San Diego: Elsevier.
Kingston, R.; Carver, S.; Evans, A.; Turton, I. (2000). Web-Based Public Participation Geographical Information Systems: An Aid to Local Environmental Decision-Making. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 24: 109-125.
Slocum, R. & Thomas-Slayter, B. (1995). Participation, empowerment, and sustainable development, in: Rachel, S.; Lori, W.; Dianne, R.; Barbara, T. S. (Eds.). Power, Process and Participation: Tools for Change (pp. 3-8). London: Intermediate Technology Pub-lications
Lukensmeyer, C., J.; Goldman, J. & Stern, D. (2011). Assessing public participation in an open government era: a review of federal agency plans. Fostering Transparency and Democracy Series. IBM Centre for the Business of Government.
Chadwick, G. (1971). Systems View of Planning: Towards a Theory of the Urban and Regional Planning Process. New York: Per-gamon Press.
Marzuki, A. (2015). Challenges In the Public Participation and The Decision-Making Process. Sociologija i Prostor, 53(1), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.5673/sip.53.1.2
Cavrić, B. (2011). Evolution of Botswana planning education in light of local and international requirements. Spatium, 25: 30-38.
Lukić, I. (2011). Influence Of Planning and Civil Initiative, As A Form of Public Intervention, on Gentrification. Spatium, 25: 56-66.
Lichfield, N. (1996). Community Impact Evaluation. London: UCL Press.
Ansell, C., & Gash, A. (2008). Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(4), 543–571. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mum032
Gustafson, P., & Hertting, N. (2017). Understanding Participatory Governance: An Analysis of Participants’ Motives for Participa-tion. American Review of Public Administration, 47(5), 538–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074015626298
Brabham, D. C. (2009). Crowdsourcing the public participation process for planning projects. Planning Theory, 8(3), 242-262.
Brown, G. (2015). Engaging The Wisdom of Crowds and Public Judgement for Land Use Planning Using Public Participation Geographic Information Systems. Australian Planner, 52(3), 199-209.
Zolkafli, A., Brown, G., & Liu, Y. (2017). An Evaluation of Participatory Gis (PGIS) for Land Use Planning in Malaysia. Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 83(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1681-4835.2017.tb00610.x
Kleinhans, R., Van Ham, M., & Evans-Cowley, J. (2015). Using social media and Mobile Technologies to Foster Engagement and SelfOrganization In Participatory Urban Planning And Neighbourhood Governance. Planning practice & research, 30(3), 237-247.
Egan (2004). The Egan Review Skills for Sustainable Community. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, Eland House, Bressenden Place, London, 19-26.
World Bank. (1994). The World Bank and Participation. Washington, DC: Operations Policy Department.
World Bank. (2001). Poverty Reduction Source Book, Vol. 1, World Bank.
Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172), Malaysia. http://www.doa.gov.my/index/resources/info_doa/akta172_perancang_bandar_desa_1976.pdf
Maidin, A.J. (2011). Access to Public Participation in the Land Planning and Environmental Decision-Making Process in Malaysia. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1, 3, 148-164.
Nasir, M.I., Anuar, M. & Saruwono, M. (2013). Obstacles of Public Participation in the Design Process of Public Parks. Journal of Asian Behavioural Studies, 3, 8, 89-99.
MEA (2019). Shared Prosperity Vision 2030. Ministry of Economic Affairs, Putrajaya, Malaysia, 7-179. https://www.epu.gov.my/sites/default/files/2020-02/Shared%20Prosperity%20Vision%202030.pdf
Arnstein, S. R. (2019). A Ladder of Citizen Participation. Journal of the American Planning Association, 85(1), 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2018.1559388
EPU (2010). Tenth Malaysia Plan 2011-2015. The Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister Department Putrajaya, Malaysia, 146-186. https://www.pmo.gov.my/dokumenattached/RMK/RMK10_E.pdf
EPU (2016). Eleven Malaysia Plan 2016-2020. The Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister Department Putrajaya, Malaysia, 1-11. https://www.epu.gov.my/sites/default/files/2021-05/11MP-BrochureBI.pdf
EPU (2021). Sustainable Development Goals. The Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister Department Putrajaya, 1-7. https://www.epu.gov.my/en/sustainable-development-goals
MEA (2018). Executive Summary Mid Term Review of The Eleventh Malaysian Plan 2016-2020. Ministry of Economic Affairs, Putrajaya, Malaysia, 1-48. https://www.epu.gov.my/sites/default/files/2020-08/Executive%20Summary_compressed.pdf
Healey, P. (1998). Building Institutional Capacity Through Collaborative Approaches to Urban Planning. Environment and planning A, 30(9), 1531-1546. Nagel, J. (1987). Participation. Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
Salamat, M., Hassan, S., & Muhammad, M. (2011). Electronic Participation in Malaysia. Journal of E-Government Studies and Best Practices, January, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5171/2011.270543
Tambouris E., Liotas, N., Kaliviotis, D., Tarabanis K., A (2007). Framework for Scoping eParticipation. In the Proceedings of the 8th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference. Philadelphia, USA.
I. Apostol, P. Antoniadis, and T. Banerjee. (2013). Flânerie between Net and Place Promises and Possibilities for Participation in Planning. J. Plan. Educ. Res., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 20–33,
Kenny, A., Hyett, N., Sawtell, J., Dickson-Swift, V., Farmer, J., & O’Meara, P. (2013). Community participation in rural health: a scoping review. BMC health services research, 13(1), 1-8.
Kieti, D. M., Manono, G., & Momanyi, S. (2013). Community conservation paradigm: the case studies of Mwaluganje Elephant Sanctuary and lLNgwesi Community Conservancy in Kenya.
B. Lam (2013). Community‐Led Design Through Digital Games. Des. Manag. Rev., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 20–27, 2013.
C. Wahl. (2013). Swedish Municipalities and Public Participation in The Traffic Planning Process. Where Do We Stand? Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract., vol. 50, pp. 105–112.
Daly, Jeanne; Kellehear, Allan; Gliksman, Michael (1997). The public health researcher: A methodological approach. Melbourne, Aus-tralia: Oxford University Press. pp. 611–618. ISBN 978-0195540758.
Braun, Virginia; Clarke, Victoria (2006). "Using thematic analysis in psychology". Qualitative Research in Psychology. 3 (2): 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa. S2CID 10075179
Boyatzis, Richard (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Franzosi, R., & Roberto, F. (2004). From words to numbers: Narrative, data, and social science (Vol. 22). Cambridge University Press.
Krippendorff, K. (2004). Reliability in content analysis: Some common misconceptions and recommendations. Human communication research, 30(3), 411-433.
Omar, D.B. & Leh, O.L.H. (2009). Malaysian Development Planning System: Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan and Public Participation. Asian Social Science, 5, 3, 30-36.
Maidin, A.J. (2011). Access to Public Participation in the Land Planning and Environmental Decision-Making Process in Malaysia. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1, 3, 148-164.
Marzuki, A., Hay, I., & James, J. (2012). Public Participation Shortcomings in Tourism Planning: The Case of the Langkawi Islands, Malaysia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(4), 585–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.638384
Muhammad, Z., Masron, T. & Majid, A.A. (2015). Local Government Service Efficiency: Public Participation Matters. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 5, 10, 827- 831.
Chin CBN. (2000). The State of The ‘State’ In Globalisation: Social Order And Economic Restructuring In Malaysia. Third World Q. 21(6):1035–1057
Watson V. (2013). Planning and The ‘Stubborn Realities’ of Global SouthEast Cities: Some Emerging Ideas. Planning Theory. 12 (1):81–100.
Marzukhi, M. A. (2020). Sustainability Discourse in Participatory Planning: The Case of Malaysia. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 12(2), 236–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2020.1719497
Siddiquee NA, Mohamed MZ. (2007). Paradox Of Public Sector Reforms In Malaysia: a good governance perspective. Public Admin Q. 31(3/4):284–312
Manaf, H. A., Mohamed, A. M., & Lawton, A. (2016). Assessing Public Participation Initiatives in Local Government Deci-sion-Making in Malaysia. International Journal of Public Administration, 39(11), 812–820. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2015.1035788
Ebdon, C., & Franklin, A. L. (2006). Citizen Participation in Budgeting Theory. Public administration review, 66(3), 437-447.
Irvin, R. A., & Stansbury, J. (2004). Citizen Participation in Decision Making: Is It Worth The Effort? Public administration re-view, 64(1), 55-65.
Robbins, M. D., Simonsen, B., & Feldman, B. (2008). Citizens and Resource Allocation: Improving Decision Making with Interactive WebBased Citizen Participation. Public administration review, 68(3), 564-575.
Moynihan, D. P. (2003). Normative and Instrumental Perspectives on Public Participation: Citizen Summits in Washington, DC. The American Review of Public Administration, 33(2), 164-188.
Gunder M. (2010). Planning As the Ideology of (neoliberal) Space. Planning Theor. 9(4):298–314.
Gunder M. (2006). Sustainability Planning’s Saving Grace or Road to Perdition? J Plann Edu Res. 26(2):208–221.
Raco M. (2016). Mass Privatisation and The Changing Nature of Governance In The UK. In: Bevir M, Rhodes RAW, Editors. Re-thinking Governance: Ruling, Rationalities and Resistance. London (New York): Routledge; p. 50–69.
Zain, F. M. Y., & Omar, D. (2018). Survey on Public Participation of Malaysia’s MRT Project with Reference To Environmental Impact Assessment. Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (JAMT), 12(1 (1)), 175-188.
Roosli, R. (2014). The Evaluation of Participatory Housing and Technology After the Tsunami (2005) in Malaysia. In 5th Brunei International Conference on Engineering and Technology (BICET 2014) (pp. 1-7). IET.
Kaur, H., Singh, L., & Rahman, S. (2017). Evaluating Public Participation Mechanisms in LA21 Programs in Malaysia. Global Journal of Business and Social Science Review (GJBSSR), 5(3), 76-83. www.gatrenterprise.com/GATRJournals/index.html
Nurudin, S. M., Hashim, R., Rahman, S., Zulkifli, N., Mohamed, A. S. P., & Hamik, S. A. (2015). Public Participation Process at Local Government Administration: A Case Study of the Seremban Municipal Council, Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sci-ences, 211, 505–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.067
Connolly, C. (2020). From Resilience to Multi-Species Flourishing: (Re)Imagining Urban-Environmental Governance in Penang, Malaysia. Urban Studies, 57(7), 1485–1501. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018807573
Abdullah, J., Ahmad, C. B., Sa’ad, S. R. M., & Wahab, S. S. (2015). Public Participation in the Kuala Lumpur Draft City Plan 2020. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 168, 70–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.211
Hartley, N. & Wood, C. (2005). Public Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment: Implementing the Aarhus Convention. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 25: 319-340.
Oliver, S. (2008). Public and Consumer Participation in Policy and Research, in: Heggerson, K. & Quah, S. (Eds.). International Encyclopaedia of Public Health (pp. 408-415). San Diego: Elsevier.
Kingston, R.; Carver, S.; Evans, A.; Turton, I. (2000). Web-Based Public Participation Geographical Information Systems: An Aid to Local Environmental Decision-Making. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 24: 109-125.
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Published
2022-11-15
How to Cite
Mohd Rom, F. A. F., Soda, O., & Drianda, R. P. (2022). Climbing Up or Down? An Overview of the Ten Years of Citizen Participation in Malaysian Public Sector Project. ITB Graduate School Conference, 2(1), 142–160. Retrieved from https://gcs.itb.ac.id/proceeding-igsc/index.php/igsc/article/view/80
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