Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Inhaled Lead (Pb) on Batik Industry Workers
Keywords:
batik, cancer, carcinogenic, health, inhalation, lead, risk assessmentAbstract
Synthetic colorants are still used in process of batik crafting. Heavy metals in colorants, including Lead (Pb) are potential environment pollutants and also hazardous to batik workers as they may expose workers through inhalation route, causing health problems. Lead is classified as probably carcinogenic (Group 2A) based on U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) and IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). This study aims to estimate carcinogenic risks of batik workers due to chronic occupational exposure to lead by inhalation exposure route using health risk assessment methodology. Inhalation exposure sampling was carried out using personal sampler pump (type: HFS- 513A, flowrate: 2.5 L/min.) with MCE (Mixed Cellulose Ester, Ø25mm, 0,8µm) filter. Filters that retained lead are then analysed using XRF in laboratory. Carcinogenic risk was calculated by determining exposure concentration and IUR (Inhalation Unit Risk) according to Supplemental Guidance for Inhalation Risk Assessment by EPA. It was found that the maximum excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) found in all workers is 7.07×10-8, implying acceptable risk. However, risk management is suggested, considering uncertainty and other carcinogens/routes of exposure outside the scope of this study. Actions to reduce exposure are recommended, including providing ventilation or considering outdoor settings to work.
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