Development of a Power Generating Incinerator via Direct Conversion From Thermal to Electricity for Local Community Consumption

Abstract

Indonesia is facing increasing electricity demand driven by economic growth and nationwide electrification initiatives. Simultaneously, waste management challenges, particularly in urban areas, necessitate innovative and sustainable solutions. This study proposes the integration of thermoelectric generator (TEG) technology into a small-scale waste incinerator to convert waste heat directly into electricity. The MASARO incinerator, developed for community-scale waste treatment, serves as the case study and operates at high combustion temperatures ranging from 800°C to 1200°C. To overcome the thermal limitations of commercial TEG modules, an intermediate system comprising multilayer insulation is designed to reduce the contact surface temperature to below 300°C. A total of 3,591 TEG modules can be installed on the 5.75 m² surface area of the transition cone and flue gas duct. The study utilizes theoretical modeling, numerical simulation, and literature review to analyze system performance under five temperature scenarios. Results indicate that daily energy output ranges from 3.6 Wh to 9.0 Wh under a 4-hour operation cycle, with overall system efficiency below 0.001%. Despite its low efficiency, the system offers a clean, fuel-free, and decentralized energy solution by utilizing otherwise wasted thermal energy. This approach presents a viable micro-power generation alternative for rural and off-grid communities in Indonesia, supporting national goals for renewable energy and sustainable development.