Analysis of Integration of PLTS with Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) to Support the Sustainability of Public Electric Vehicle Charging Stations, Case Study: SPKLU Rest Area 379A, Batang, Central Java

Abstract

The demand for electric vehicles (EVs) in Indonesia has significantly increased, in line with the government's efforts to achieve Net Zero Emissions (NZE) by 2060. This growth necessitates the development of reliable and sustainable Public Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (SPKLU). However, current SPKLU operations heavily rely on fossil-fuel-based electricity, presenting a major challenge. This study analyzes integrating solar PV and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) at SPKLU Rest Area 379A using PVsyst and HOMER Grid simulations. Three system configurations were developed: Scenario 1 (SPKLU-PV-Grid PLN), Scenario 2 (SPKLU-PV-Grid PLN-BESS), and Scenario 3 (SPKLU-PV-BESS without grid connection). Each scenario was evaluated based on technical performance and economic feasibility. The results show that Scenario 2 achieved the best balance, with 59% renewable fraction, Rp1,912/kWh LCOE, and a 7.6-year payback.

The novelty of this research lies in applying a techno-economic simulation specifically for EV charging stations located along Indonesia’s strategic Trans-Java toll road, integrating actual EV charging load profiles into the system design. The findings strengthen the argument that optimizing solar PV with battery storage is an effective solution to accelerate EV adoption in Indonesia. Practically, the results highlight the need for supportive regulations to facilitate broader implementation of PV-BESS integrated SPKLUs nationwide.