A Comprehensive Review of Ammonia Co-firing in Steam Turbine Power Plants: Challenges and Opportunities
Keywords:
Ammonia, Combustion, Low Carbon, Energy Carrier, Air stagingAbstract
Hydrogen is a clean energy carrier with abundant availability but requires appropriate storage methods due to its low volumetric density in gaseous form. Ammonia is a promising hydrogen carrier because of its high volumetric density, ease of long-term storage, and well-established production infrastructure. Additionally, ammonia can be synthesized using renewable energy sources. As a
substitute for fossil fuels, ammonia offers the advantage of being a carbon-free fuel, making it highly suitable for decarbonization initiatives currently undertaken by governments worldwide. Ammonia is typically used as a fuel in a co-firing scheme, which combines it with other fuels. Co-firing ammonia with coal in power plants is a cost-effective solution, as it leverages existing infrastructure to reduce carbon emissions by decreasing coal usage without significant investment costs. However, while the performance of co-firing ammonia combustion is comparable to pure coal combustion, the increase in NOx emissions requires careful mitigation. Proven methods, such as air staging and secondary fuel injection, can reduce NOx emission levels in flue gas while maintaining combustion stability. In this paper, the terms ammonia and NH3 are used interchangeably.
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