The Influence of Urea Mass on Photocatalytic Performance of N- TiO2/CNC for CO2 Reduction into Solar Fuel
Keywords:
CNC, Nitrogen, N0, Photocatalyst, Reduction CO2Abstract
Photocatalysts are a promising method for converting CO2 with H2O into valuable products, such as hydrocarbon N-doped TiO2 catalysts synthesized in cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) using sol-gel. Then in this study, the mass of urea was varied (0, 0.0432, 0.864, and 0.1296 grams) to obtain N-doped TiO2/CNC samples, namely N0, N1, N2, and N3, respectively. The resulting N-doped TiO2/CNC and TiO2/CNC catalysts were characterized by TEM, Diffuse reflectance UV-Vis (DR UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and GC-XL analysis. TEM results showed evidence of particle sizes ranging from 26.7 nm for TiO2/CNC and 395.9 nm for CNC. The band gap energies obtained for N0, N1, N2, and N3 were 3.19, 3.18, 3.18, and 3.16 eV from DR UV-Vis spectroscopy, respectively. Then, in the activity test under visible light (λ = 380 nm), catalyst N2 exhibits superior photocatalyst activity than N0 for the reduction of CO2 with H2O because that nitrogen doping causes the formation of oxygen vacancies by generating intrinsic strain in the lattice of N0. However, catalysts N1 and N3 showed that no CH4 was detected. This study developed a photocatalyst using an N0 catalyst in visible light that effectively reduces CO2 with H2O.
Downloads
References
Sanchez, J.A, Carbon Dioxide Capture: Processes, Technology, and Environmental Implications; Nova Science Publishers (2016).
Tahir, M., & Amin, N. S, Advances in visible light responsive titanium oxide-based photocatalysts for CO2 conversion to hydrocarbon fuels. Energy Conversion and Management, 76, 194-214 (2013).
Ola, O., & Maroto-Valer, M. M, Review of material design and reactor engineering on TiO2 photocatalysis for CO2 reduction. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, 24, 16-42 (2015).
Low, J., Yu, J., Jaroniec, M., Wageh, S., & Al‐Ghamdi, A. A, Heterojunction photocatalysts. Advanced materials, 29(20), 1601694.
Kumar, S.G.K., dan Rao, Comparison of modification strategies towards enhanced charge carrier separation and photocatalytic degradation activity of metal oxide semiconductors (TiO2, WO3, and ZnO), Applied Surface Science, 391, 124–148 (2017).
Lu, Q.L., Zhu, S., Han, Y., dan Hou, W. C, Photocatalytic Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using TiO2 Nanorods: A Mechanistic Investigation, Physics Chemistry Chemistry Physics, 21, 18753–18757 (2019).
He, F.A., Meng, B., Cheng, W, dan Ho, J.Y, Enhanced photocatalytic H2– production activity of WO3/TiO2 step–scheme heterojunction by graphene modification, Chin Journal Catalyst, 41, 9-20 (2020).
Cong, Y. J., Zhang, F., Chen, dan Anpo, M, Synthesis and Characterization of Nitrogen-Doped TiO2 Nanophotocatalyst with High Visible Light Activity, Journal Physics Chemistry, 111, 6976-6982 (2007).
Li, Y., Zhang, J., Zhan, C., Kong, F., Li, W., Yang, C., & Hsiao, B. S, Facile synthesis of TiO2/CNC nanocomposites for enhanced Cr (VI) photoreduction: Synergistic roles of cellulose nanocrystals. Carbohydrate polymers, 233, 115838 (2020).
Restiawaty, E., Culsum, N. T. U., Nishiyama, N., & Budhi, Y. W., Preparation, characterization, and surface modification of cellulose nanocrystal from lignocellulosic biomass for immobilized lipase. Fibers, 10(4), 33, (2022).
Culsum, N. T. U., Melinda, C., Leman, I., Wibowo, A., & Budhi, Y. W., Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from industrial denim waste using ammonium persulfate. Materials Today Communications, 26, 101817 (2021).
Wibowo, A. Madani, H. Judawisastra, Restiawaty, E. Lazarus, C. and Budhi, Y. W., An eco-friendly preparation of cellulose nanocrystals from oil palm empty fruit bunches. IOP conference series: earth and environmental science, 105, (2018).
Budhi, Y. W., Fakhrudin, M., Culsum, N. T. U., Suendo, V., & Iskandar, F., Preparation of cellulose nanocrystals from empty fruit bunch of palm oil by using phosphotungstic acid. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 105(1), 012063, 2018.
Virkutyte, J., Jegatheesan, V., & Varma, R. S, Visible light activated TiO2/microcrystalline cellulose nanocatalyst to destroy organic contaminants in water. Bioresource Technology, 113, 288-293 (2012).
Li, Y., Zhang, J., Zhan, C., Kong, F., Li, W., Yang, C., & Hsiao, B. S, Facile synthesis of TiO2/CNC nanocomposites for enhanced Cr (VI) photoreduction: Synergistic roles of cellulose nanocrystals. Carbohydrate polymers, 233, 115838 (2020).
Zhao, Y., Qiu, X., & Burda, C, The effects of sintering on the photocatalytic activity of N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles. Chemistry of Materials, 20(8), 2629-2636 (2008).
Zhou, X., Lu, J., Jiang, J., Li, X., Lu, M., Yuan, G., ... & Seo, H. J, Simple fabrication of N-doped mesoporous TiO2 nanorods with the enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. Nanoscale Research Letters, 9, 1-7 (2014).
Marques, J., Gomes, T. D., Forte, M. A., Silva, R. F., & Tavares, C. J, A new route for the synthesis of highly active N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles for visible light photocatalysis using urea as nitrogen precursor. Catalysis Today, 326, 36-45 (2019).
Wang, D. H., Jia, L., Wu, X. L., Lu, L. Q., & Xu, A. W, One-step hydrothermal synthesis of N-doped TiO2/C nanocomposites with high visible light photocatalytic activity. Nanoscale, 4(2), 576-584 (2012).
Ong, C. B., Ng, L. Y., & Mohammad, A. W, A review of ZnO nanoparticles as solar photocatalysts: Synthesis, mechanisms, and applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 536-551 (2018).
Tahir, B., Tahir, M., & Nawawi, M. G. M, highly stable 3D/2D WO3/g- C3N4 Z-scheme heterojunction for stimulating photocatalytic CO2 reduction by H2O/H2 to CO and CH4 under visible light. Journal of CO2 Utilization, 41, 101270 (2020).
Tahir, M., & Amin, N. S, Indium-doped TiO2 nanoparticles for photocatalytic CO2 reduction with H2O vapors to CH4. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 162, 98-109 (2015).
Tahir, M., & Tahir, B, Dynamic photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO in a honeycomb monolith reactor loaded with Cu and N doped TiO2 nanocatalysts. Applied Surface Science, 377, 244-252 (2016).
Li, C., Sun, Z., Song, A., Dong, X., Zheng, S., & Dionysiou, D. D, Flowing nitrogen atmosphere induced rich oxygen vacancies overspread the surface of TiO2/kaolinite composite for enhanced photocatalytic activity within broad radiation spectrum. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 236, 76-87 (2018).
Zhou, Y., Zhang, Q., Shi, X., Song, Q., Zhou, C., & Jiang, D, Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into CH4 over Ru-doped TiO2: Synergy of Ru and oxygen vacancies. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 608, 2809-2819 (2022).
Zhou, Y., Tian, Z., Zhao, Z., Liu, Q., Kou, J., Chen, X., ... & Zou, Z, High- yield synthesis of ultrathin and uniform Bi2WO6 square nanoplates benefiting from photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into renewable hydrocarbon fuel under visible light. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 3(9), 3594-3601 (2011).
